TOC

 

INTRODUCTION

 

ISI

 

KESIMPULAN

 

 

 

SATELLITE

 

(A)   INTRODUCTION

(B)   MOBILE

(C)   AZIMUTH

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION OF SATELLITE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

azimuth and elevation

 

Azimuth and elevation are angles used to define the apparent position of an object in the sky, relative to a specific observation point. The observer is usually (but not necessarily) located on the earth's surface.

The azimuth (az) angle is the compass bearing, relative to true (geographic) north, of a point on the horizon directly beneath an observed object. The horizon is defined as a huge, imaginary circle centered on the observer, equidistant from the zenith (point straight overhead) and the nadir (point exactly opposite the zenith). As seen from above the observer, compass bearings are measured clockwise in degrees from north. Azimuth angles can thus range from 0 degrees (north) through 90 (east), 180 (south), 270 (west), and up to 360 (north again).

The elevation (el) angle, also called the altitude, of an observed object is determined by first finding the compass bearing on the horizon relative to true north, and then measuring the angle between that point and the object, from the reference frame of the observer. Elevation angles for objects above the horizon range from 0 (on the horizon) up to 90 degrees (at the zenith). Sometimes the range of the elevation coordinate is extended downward from the horizon to -90 degrees (the nadir). This is useful when the observer is located at some distance above the surface, such as in an aircraft.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The solar azimuth angle is the angular distance between due South (see note below) and the projection of the line of sight to the sun on the ground. A positive solar azimuth angle indicates a position East of South, and a negative azimuth angle indicates West of South.

The azimuth angle is calculated as follows:

cos (Az) = (sin (Al) * sin (L) - sin (D)) / (cos (Al) * cos (L))

where:

Az = Solar azimuth angle

Al = Solar altitude angle

L = Latitude (negative for Southern Hemisphere)

D = Declination (negative for Southern Hemisphere)

The azimuth and elevation angle are the coordinates of the observer's local horizontal system:
the azimuth is the angular distance measured along the horizon (in nautics 0°=N, 90°= E,
180°=S, 270°= W), the elevation is the angular distance measured above the horizon.

For a location of latitude beta the elevation angle of the sun at local noon is:

elev. angle = 90° - beta + declin

where declin is the declination angle of the sun.

Example: beta= 50° North

delta=23.5° on June 21:

elev. angle = 90° - 50° + 23.5° = 63.5°

delta=-23.5° on Dec. 21:

elev. angle = 90° - 50° - 23.5° = 16.5°

 

 

 

Setting the Viewpoint with Azimuth and Elevation

MATLAB enables you to control the orientation of the graphics displayed in an axes. You can specify the viewpoint, view target, orientation, and extent of the view displayed in a figure window. These viewing characteristics are controlled by a set of graphics properties. You can specify values for these properties directly or you can use the view command and rely on MATLAB automatic property selection to define a reasonable view.

Azimuth and Elevation

The view command specifies the viewpoint by defining azimuth and elevation with respect to the axis origin. Azimuth is a polar angle in the x-y plane, with positive angles indicating counterclockwise rotation of the viewpoint. Elevation is the angle above (positive angle) or below (negative angle) the x-y plane.

This diagram illustrates the coordinate system. The arrows indicate positive directions.

Default 2-D and 3-D Views

MATLAB automatically selects a viewpoint that is determined by whether the plot is 2-D or 3-D:

Examples of Views Specified with Azimuth and Elevation

For example, these statements create a 3-D surface plot and display it in the default 3-D view.

·                [X,Y] = meshgrid([-2:.25:2]);

·                Z = X.*exp(-X.^2 -Y.^2);

·                surf(X,Y,Z)

·                 

·               

·                 

The statement

·                view([180 0])

sets the viewpoint so you are looking in the negative y-direction with your eye at the z = 0 elevation.

You can move the viewpoint to a location below the axis origin using a negative elevation.

·                view([-37.5 -30])

·                 

·               

·                 

Limitations of Azimuth and Elevation

Specifying the viewpoint in terms of azimuth and elevation is conceptually simple, but it has limitations. It does not allow you to specify the actual position of the viewpoint, just its direction, and the z-axis is always pointing up. It does not allow you to zoom in and out on the scene or perform arbitrary rotations and translations.




Green= degrees west longitude
Blue= degrees east longitude
Gold= degrees north latitude
Red= degrees south latitude





Latitude and longitude are imaginary lines dividing the earth into a grid in order to identify any location on the earth's surface using coordinates. Where the lines intersect, that spot is designated as (latitude, longitude) in degrees. Longitude runs north/south and latitude runs east/west but latitude is expressed as degrees north or south while longitude is expressed as degrees east or west. For example Los Angeles, California is 34N, 118W.